Phoenicians

Who were the Phoenicians in the first millennium BCE?

• Joshua Mark, Ancient History Encyclopedia (2009), “Phoenicia“
• Megan Sauter, Bible History Daily (2017), “Who Were the Phoenicians?”
• University of Cambridge news (2017), “Genetic Study Suggests Present-Day Lebanese Descend from Biblical Canaanites“
• Philippe Bohstrom, Haaretz (2016), “Did the Phoenicians Even Exist?“
• Scholarship by Josephine Crawley Quinn on Phoenicians and Punic colonies
• Phoenicia.org, a website dedicated to the study of Phoenician culture and history
• Owen Jarus, Live Science (2012), “Carthage: Ancient Phoenician City-State”
• Richard Covington, AramcoWorld (2015), “Assyria to Iberia”
• Holger Gzella, in Languages from the World of the Bible, ed. H. Gzella (2011), “Phoenician [language]”

Phoenician Religion

• Mark Cartwright, Ancient History Encyclopedia (2016), “Phoenician Religion“
• Owen Jarus, Live Science (2017), “Ceramic Heads of Possible Goddesses Discovered in Ancient Waste Dump”
• Jarrett Lobell, Archaeology (2017), profile of a clay mask from Achziv
• Known members of the divine pantheon: Ashtart (F), Baal (M), Melqart (M), Eshmun (M), Baal-Hammon (M), Tanit (also Tinnit; F)

Phoenician Archaeology and Inscriptions

• Andrew Bossone, Nature Middle East (2013), “A Phoenician Temple Buried in the Archives“
• Donald Vance, The Biblical Archaeologist (1994), “Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: The Phoenician Inscriptions“
• Josephine Crawley Quinn, Bible History Daily (2017), “The Phoenician Alphabet in Archaeology”
• Natalia Klimczak, Ancient-origins.net (2017), “Rest Like an Egyptian: Lifting the Lid on the Elaborate Phoenician Tabnit Sarcophagus”
• The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar (The Louvre Museum)
• The Yehawmilk Stele (The Louvre Museum)
• Biblical Archaeology Society staff (2017), “Biblical Sidon: Jezebel’s Hometown”
• Will Worley, The Independent (2016), “DNA of Ancient Phoenician Could Make Us Reconsider History of Human Migration”
• Sarah Carabott, The Times of Malta (2016), “A Phoenician [ship]Wreck that Just Keeps Giving”
• Andrew Lawler, Archaeology (2011), “Rebuilding Beirut”
• Robert Lebling, AramcoWorld (2016) “Arwad, Fortress at Sea”
• Selected Archaeological Sites: Arwad / Amrit, Byblos / Gbeil, Beirut / Berytus, Tell el-Burak, Sarafand / Sarepta, Sidon / Saida, Bustan esh-Sheikh / Boustan esh-Sheikh, Tyre / Sur (including Tyre al-Bass and al-Mina), Tel Dor, Tel Akko, Achzib / Akhziv / Akziv / Tel Achziv, Mispe Yammim / Mizpe Yammim