Who were the Phoenicians in the first millennium BCE?
- Joshua Mark, Ancient History Encyclopedia (2009), “Phoenicia“
- Megan Sauter, Bible History Daily (2017), “Who Were the Phoenicians?”
- University of Cambridge news (2017), “Genetic Study Suggests Present-Day Lebanese Descend from Biblical Canaanites“
- Philippe Bohstrom, Haaretz (2016), “Did the Phoenicians Even Exist?“
- Scholarship by Josephine Crawley Quinn on Phoenicians and Punic colonies
- Phoenicia.org, a website dedicated to the study of Phoenician culture and history
- Owen Jarus, Live Science (2012), “Carthage: Ancient Phoenician City-State”
- Richard Covington, AramcoWorld (2015), “Assyria to Iberia”
- Holger Gzella, in Languages from the World of the Bible, ed. H. Gzella (2011), “Phoenician [language]”
Phoenician Religion
- Mark Cartwright, Ancient History Encyclopedia (2016), “Phoenician Religion“
- Owen Jarus, Live Science (2017), “Ceramic Heads of Possible Goddesses Discovered in Ancient Waste Dump”
- Jarrett Lobell, Archaeology (2017), profile of a clay mask from Achziv
- Known members of the divine pantheon: Ashtart (F), Baal (M), Melqart (M), Eshmun (M), Baal-Hammon (M), Tanit (also Tinnit; F)
Phoenician Archaeology and Inscriptions
- Andrew Bossone, Nature Middle East (2013), “A Phoenician Temple Buried in the Archives“
- Donald Vance, The Biblical Archaeologist (1994), “Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: The Phoenician Inscriptions“
- Josephine Crawley Quinn, Bible History Daily (2017), “The Phoenician Alphabet in Archaeology”
- Natalia Klimczak, Ancient-origins.net (2017), “Rest Like an Egyptian: Lifting the Lid on the Elaborate Phoenician Tabnit Sarcophagus”
- The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar (The Louvre Museum)
- The Yehawmilk Stele (The Louvre Museum)
- Biblical Archaeology Society staff (2017), “Biblical Sidon: Jezebel’s Hometown”
- Will Worley, The Independent (2016), “DNA of Ancient Phoenician Could Make Us Reconsider History of Human Migration”
- Sarah Carabott, The Times of Malta (2016), “A Phoenician [ship]Wreck that Just Keeps Giving”
- Andrew Lawler, Archaeology (2011), “Rebuilding Beirut”
- Robert Lebling, AramcoWorld (2016) “Arwad, Fortress at Sea”
- Selected Archaeological Sites: Arwad / Amrit, Byblos / Gbeil, Beirut / Berytus, Tell el-Burak, Sarafand / Sarepta, Sidon / Saida, Bustan esh-Sheikh / Boustan esh-Sheikh, Tyre / Sur (including Tyre al-Bass and al-Mina), Tel Dor, Tel Akko, Achzib / Akhziv / Akziv / Tel Achziv, Mispe Yammim / Mizpe Yammim